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On the larger private set of project data, the modal DYS389ii (#12) = 31. This illustrates the problem of reading too much into a modal value. The value ranges from 30 through 32 in the project. 31 is the most frequently occurring value but it is not necessarily the oldest value. Perhaps the modal was originally 30, then changed to 31 and then to 32. Or perhaps it started as 31, then maybe branched off separately into 30 and to 32. Or maybe 32 is the oldest value, then it changed to 31 then to 30. We don't know.

Starting from the top left, notice how Lickowen has flipped DYS437 and DYS438 by a count of 3 each. The mutations mirror each other. These two flips set Lickowen apart from the other testers by 6 added to his Genetic Distance. So he may look more distant from the others than he really is.

We don't know if Lickowen branched off from the original values, or if Lickowen retained older values and the other testers branched off from them.

Setting aside Lickowen, we can now look at the mutations that the remaining Collinses share. Castletown Kinneigh; Coorycullane, Fanlobbus; and Lick, Creagh all share DYS389ii (#12) = 32 and DYS458 (#13) = 16. The latter is a faster mutating marker.


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